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[ A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z ] R Radio-isotope scan: Radioactive material helps outline size, shape and exact location of an organ, chamber or duct after isotope is injected into body. Radiolucent: not visible on x-ray. Radiopaque: Visible on x-ray. RBC: Abbreviation for red blood cells. Recalcification: The restoration to the tissues of lost calcium salts. REM: Roentgen equivalent man, equal to RADS or Roentgens Remineralization: The return to the body of necessary mineral constituents. Renal: Anything to do with the kidney. Renal Failure: The loss of the kidneys ability to adequately filter the blood, usually due to diabetes or other diseases. When severe, requires mechanical filtration (dialysis) or kidney transplant. Renal Leak Hypercalciuria: A type of increased urinary calcium due to a defect in the kidney that causes excessive calcium loss. Parathyroid hormone levels will tend to be elevated. This type of high urinary calcium doesn't respond to dietary modifications and requires medical therapy. Thiazides are particularly useful here. It is important never to use Cellulose therapy with renal leak hypercalciuria because it will cause a severe calcium loss. Renal Pelvis: That portion of the kidney where all the calyces with their infundibula unite to form a single hollow portion of the kidney, which collects to the ureter to transport urine. Renal Phosphate Leak Hypercalciuria: Condition where the kidney is unable to keep excessive amounts of phosphate from being lost in the urine. This causes a low serum phosphate, high Vitamin D levels and ultimately high urinary calcium (hypercalciuria). Renal Tubular Acidosis: Condition in which the kidneys are unable to excrete acid. It's characterized by an inability to acidify the urine even after an oral acid load. Associated with extremely low urinary citrate and severe stone disease. Resorptive Hypercalciuria: A condition of high urinary calcium where the source of the calcium is reabsorption from existing bodily stores such as bone. Most commonly caused by hyperparathyroidism. Retrograde: Refers to the direction that is backwards or the opposite direction of what is natural. Retrograde films refer to taking x-rays by injecting contrast (dye) through ureteral catheters inserted into the ureteral orifice to define the anatomy of the ureter and kidney. Retrograde Pyelogram: A special type of X-ray in which a small slender tube is placed through the bladder into the lower end of the ureter and contrast injected directly while an X-ray picture is taken. Although this procedure requires anesthesia or sedation, the technique gives a very clear picture of the ureters and kidney interior. Can be used safely even when patients are severely allergic to contrast because there is no contact with the bloodstream. Retrograde Pyelography: Pyelography where the radiopaque dye is injected into the kidney form below, via the ureters. Roentgenogram: A film produced by exposure to X-rays.
[ A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z ] S Sedative: a medicine that calms and relaxes. Sepsis: A serious disease condition in which live bacteria are in the bloodstream. Can lead to an overwhelming infection and death if not treated properly and rapidly. Also called urosepsis when caused by a urinary infection. Serendipity: Accidentally discovered. Sheath: A specially designed tubular instrument through which special obturators or cutting instruments can be passed, or blood clots, tissue fragments, calculi, etc, can be evacuated. Sheath (resectoscope): Through which transurethral electrosection of bladder tumors or prostate gland can be performed. Sialolith: A salivary calculus. Sialolithiasis: The formation or presence of a salivary calculus. Sialolithotomy: The incision of a salivary duct or gland to remove a calculus. Side Effect: A result of drug or other therapy. Sodium: One of the main ingredients of table salt. Excessive salt or sodium in the diet can increase urinary calcium excretion and block the effects of some corrective medication. Solute: the dissolved substance in a solution. Solvent: Capable of dissolving a substance. Sonography: Ultrasonography. Sound: An elongated cylindrical, usually curved instrument of metal, used for exploring the bladder or other cavities of the body. Sound (Van Buren): Available in several calibers with a gently curved tip designed to follow the contour of the deep bulbous urethra in the male. Spasm: An abrupt and forceful contraction of a muscle, usually maintained for several minutes or hours and frequently associated with marked pain. Specific Gravity: Weight of a substance is compared to the weight of an equal volume of another substance taken as standard. Sphincter: A muscular fiber responsible for reduction or obliteration of the lumen to prevent the flow of urine in the ureter. Staghorn: Refers to the branched shape of certain large stones. Usually associated with struvite or infection stones, the actual stone material can be almost any chemical stone ingredient. Describes the kind of calculus found in the pelvis of the kidney that usually fills the pelvis and extends into the infundibulum of the kidney. It often appears in the shape of a deer's antler. Steinstrasse: 1. Literally "street of stones." This refers to the collection stone fragments that have lined up in the ureter and have not passed. May require additional surgery to remove. Usually happens after ESWL with large stones when a stent is not used. The accumulation of stone material (similar to gravel) in the distal ureter following an ESWL treatment. The German translation is "street of stone". This can result in more obstruction with reduced urine flow. It is important for it to be cleaned out of the ureter with an ureteroscope or dilation. 2. "Stone street", ureteral obstruction from accumulation of gravel post SWL. Stenosis: A stricture of any canal. Stent: A thin, slender tube designed to bypass any obstruction of the ureter such as from a stone or scar tissue. One end of the stent is placed in the kidney, and the other is in the bladder. Each end of the stent usually forms a small circle to help keep it in place. Used to help drain the kidney, bypass a stone and relieve pain. Also used as a landmark to help locate smaller or hard to see stones. Helps protect against clogging when large stones, over 1 cm in size are fragmented. Stone Basket: One of several types of wire instruments used to capture and remove stones in the ureter. Normally used either with fluoroscopy or with special telescopes called ureteroscopes. Stone Belt: The area of the United States where there seems to be an increased risk of kidney stones. Generally refers to the Southeast, but extends across the lower half of the country. The reason for the increased risk is only partially explained by the relatively warmer climate. Stopcock: A valve that maybe opened and closed to pass irrigant or accessories through the cystoscope sheath or bridge. Stricture: The medical term for a narrowed or scarred area. Often occurs in the urinary system after instrumentation or stone passage. If there is a stricture of the ureter, any stones trying to pass will probably get stuck there. Stents work well to gently stretch open strictures of the ureters, but cannot help strictures of other bodily organs. Struvite: 1. Kidney stones caused by bacterial urinary infections. Also called infectious stones, magnesium ammonium phosphate stones or triple phosphate stones. 2. Calculi composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate, infection stones caused by urea splitting organisms (proteus mirabilis, klebsiella), urine pH is alkaline. Supersaturation: Is the state of a liquid containing more of a dissolved substance than is normal. In this case, the supersaturation refers to excessive amounts of oxalate and calcium in the urine. SWL: Shock Wave Lithotripsy, same as ESWL. Symphysis pubis: The union or joint between the two pubic bones. Syringe: An instrument used for injecting or withdrawing fluid. [ A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z ]
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