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[ A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z ] P Parathyroid Hormone: The name of the hormone that comes from the parathyroid glands. This hormone increases blood calcium. To do this, it will increase calcium absorption from the digestive tract and take calcium away from the bones and teeth. Abnormally high levels of this hormone produce a disease called Hyperparathyroidism. Parenteral: Means "Into the Body" Usually refers to any type of injectable medication. PCA: Literally "Patient Controlled Analgesia." This is a program where a machine dispenses a preset amount of pain medicine directly into a vein when the patient pushes a button. PCN: Percutaneous nephrotomy PCNL, PNL: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy, incision through the skin into the kidney for removal of renal calculi. Pelvic Brim: An area of the ureter where the combination of bone structure, musculature and renal vessels converge to cause a narrowing of the ureter making it difficult to pass a scope up the ureter. This is an especially difficult area to pass scopes in young strong athletic males. Penicillin: An antibiotic substance obtained from cultures of the molds. Percutaneous: Literally means through the skin. Several different types of kidney stone procedures can be done by surgically creating a passage directly into the central, open part of the kidney and passing a variety of probes, graspers, stents, catheters and other devices through the passage and into the kidney. This approach is very useful for large or complicated stones. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL): disintegration and/or extraction of stone from the kidney with access via a track established through the renal tissue. Percutaneous Ureterolithotomy: To make an incision through the skin to remove a ureteral stone. Perinephric: Surrounding the kidney in whole or part. Perinephritis: Inflammation of perinephric tissue. Peristalsis: The movement or wave of contractions and relaxation of the tube by which the contents are propelled onward. A worm like progression of alternate contraction and relaxation of the muscle fibers of the ureter, which propels urine down the ureter into the bladder. Peritoneal Dialysis: Uses the lining around the interstitial tract and is an effective dialysis method for kidney failure but is not effective in removing oxalate. Peroxisome: A component of the liver cell that houses enzyme generation. In the case of hyperoxaluria, the enzyme is absent or is secreted in insufficient quantities for proper liver function. pH: A measurement of the acid content of a liquid such as urine. A pH of 7 would be "neutral" like water. Acids have a low pH while alkaline liquids and bases have high pH numbers. The usual range for living organisms is between 5.0 and 9.0. PHI: Is shorthand for "Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1". See Hyperoxaluria. Phlebolith: A venous calcification, secondary to old thrombus Phosphate: A normal chemical in blood and urine. Usually associated with stone disease as an inhibitor although in some stones such as calcium phosphate or struvite it can increase stone risk. One of the important chemicals to measure in any metabolic workup. Low levels of phosphate in the blood will cause an increase in Vitamin D activation and subsequent increase in intestinal absorption of phosphate and calcium. Planuria: The voiding of urine from an abnormal opening. Plasty: A surgical procedure for repair of a defect or restoration of form and/or function of a part. Pneumoperitoneum: The presence of air or gas in the peritoneal cavity. Pole: Upper/lower "pole" is used in describing a region of the kidney. Upper/lower pole refers in general to the top/bottom portion of the kidney respectively. You will hear urologist say, "the stone is in the lower pole calyx", indicating it is in the calyx located in the lower portion of the kidney. Posterior: refers to that portion of the kidney directed more toward the back of the patient. Postpartum: After childbirth. Predisposition: The state of being particularly susceptible to a certain condition or disease. Preeclampsia: The development of hypertension with proteinuria or edema, or both, due to pregnancy. Prenatal: Before birth. Protease Inhibitors: A new group of medications used in the treatment of AIDS. Unfortunately, some tend to form stones. Proteinuria: The presence of urinary protein in concentration greater than 0.3 g in a 24-hour urine collection. Proteus mirabilis: Gram negative bacteria, seen in struvite stones, crystals form around bacteria, infection will cause alkalinization of urine. Proximal/Mid/Distal Ureter: Proximal ureter always refers to the first third of the ureter that runs from the renal pelvis approximately 8-12 cm down to become the mid ureter which runs another 6 cm down to where the ureter crosses the common iliac vessels and the brim of the pelvic bone to become the final third of the ureter (10-12 cm). Pseudolithiasis: Disorder resembling one of the syndromes associated with stone in a hollow viscus or elsewhere. Psoriasis: A condition characterized by the eruption of circumscribed, discrete and confluent, reddish, silvery-scaled lesions. Purine: 1. A component of the genetic code material (DNA) inside every cell. All proteins have some purine, but the highest levels are found in red meat, poultry and fish. Digestion of excessive amounts of high purine content proteins can create high levels of uric acid. 2. Parent protein compound of uric acid, a disorder in metabolism of purine causes gout and uric acid stones. Pyelofluoroscopy: Fluoroscopic examination of the renal pelves, usually with a contrast medium. Pyelography: Radiologic study of the kidney and renal collecting system. Pyelography (antegrade): Antegrade urography in which the contrast medium is injected into the renal calices or pelvis. Pyelolithotomy: Pelvilithotomy. Pyelonephritis: Inflammation of the renal parenchyma, calyces, and pelvis. Pyelonephritis (acute): Acute inflammation of the renal parenchyma and pelvis characterized by small cortical abscesses and yellowish streaks in the medulla due to pus in the collecting tubules and interstitial tissue. Pyelonephritis (ascending): Due to bacterial infection from the lower urinary tract. Pyelonephritis (chronic): Chronic inflammation of the renal parenchyma and pelvis resulting from bacterial infection. Pyelonephritis (xanthogranulomatous): A chronic inflammatory condition diffusely involving the entire kidney and usually resulting in a grossly enlarged and functionless kidney. Pyelonephrosis: Any disease of the pelvis of the kidney. Pyeloplasty: A plastic or reconstructive operation on the kidney pelvis to correct an obstruction. Pyonephrolithiasis: Presence in the kidney of pus and calculi. Pyonephrosis: Presence in the kidney with pus usually associated with obstruction. Pyridoxine: Is also known as Vitamin B6. High quantities are found in brewers yeast. Pyridoxine supplements are readily available.
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